Researchers at the UPNA.

Complementarity between conifers (Scots pine) and broad-leafed species (beech) in the use of the available resources, such as water, may increase the growth of mixed forests comprising both species compared with pure forests, those comprising only one species. However, the lack of rainwater would reduce this advantage in those species that, like the Scots pine, do not tolerate shade, because the increased competition for water would not allow them to take advantage of the lesser rivalry for light. On the other hand, the effect of growing in a mixed forest is less important for high competitive and shade-tolerant species, as in the case of the beech. This is one of the conclusions reached by researchers at the Public University of Navarre (NUP/UPNA) and the Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (Pyrenean Institute of Ecology) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) after studying both species in the Navarrese Pyrenees using data going back three decades. Their work is included in an article published in one of the world’s leading journals on Ecology: the “Journal of Ecology” published by the British Ecological Society.

The authors of the article are Juan A. Blanco-Vaca, Federico J. Castillo-Martínez, Ester González de Andrés, Bosco Imbert-Rodríguez and Yueh-Hsin Lo of the NUP/UPNA’s Department of Environmental Sciences; and Julio Camarero-Martínez and Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda of the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology based in Zaragoza.

“Mixed forests of conifers and broadleaved trees are increasingly being regarded as ecosystems that could provide strategies for adapting forestry management to climate change," said Ester González de Andrés, lead author of the article.

Yet in these mixed forests, “little is known about the combined effects of competition between individual trees, the increase in the concentration of atmospheric CO2, and climate,” added Juan A. Blanco.

Data from the Navarrese Pyrenees

To shed light on this question, NUP/UPNA and CSIC researchers reconstructed chronologies using data obtained in the course of 34 years (from 1980 to 2013) on annual growth and efficiency in water use in two mixed forests of Scots pine and beech in the Pyrenees, located in the Navarrese towns of Aspurz (municipality belonging Navascués Town Council) and Garde (Roncal valley). They also gathered information on tree to tree competition (measured as the number of neighbouring specimens and the distances from them to each of the trees studied) and the climate variables provided by nearby weather stations.

“Our work shows how the growth of the two species declined when competition between individuals of the same species increased,” explained Ester González de Andrés. “The Scots pine benefitted from the presence of the beech because there was complementarity between them in the forest located in Garde at a higher altitude and with higher rainfall, but not in the drier forest of Aspurz. Yet the beeches did not display any significant response to the presence of the pine trees in the same forest probably because they are naturally highly competitive and can survive in shady environments created by pines as well as by other beech trees”.

Efficient in water use

The researchers also discovered that the increase in competition between species modified efficiency in water use. “Although the pine trees are more efficient in the use of water than the beeches,” pointed out Juan A. Blanco, “over the last few years the beeches have become more efficient, apparently to adapt better to dry spells. This has been translated into an increase in growth in the forest of Aspurz, more likely to be affected by drought”.

In the view of the authors of the article, these different behaviours have repercussions on the way these mixed forests can withstand drought, which is expected to gradually increase owing to climate change. “This would take place, above all, in the forests located on the southern limit of the distribution of these species, as is the case of the one located in Aspurz. That is why the effects of species complementarity and their relationship with climate need to be taken into consideration to avoid overestimating the degree of atmospheric carbon fixation which can be carried out by mixed forests of conifers and broadleaved trees,” concluded Ester González de Andrés.